What condition is characterized by increased intraocular pressure?

Increased intraocular pressure is a hallmark characteristic of glaucoma. This condition arises when the fluid in the eye, known as aqueous humor, does not drain properly, leading to elevated pressure that can damage the optic nerve. This damage is often gradual and may not present noticeable symptoms until significant vision loss has occurred, making early detection and treatment crucial to preserving sight.

Glaucoma is often categorized into two main types: open-angle glaucoma, which is the most common form and progresses slowly, and angle-closure glaucoma, which can occur suddenly and is a medical emergency. Regular eye examinations are essential for monitoring intraocular pressure, especially for individuals at higher risk of developing glaucoma, such as those with a family history of the disease or certain systemic conditions.

The other conditions listed do not primarily involve increased intraocular pressure as their defining characteristic. Myopia, cataracts, and macular degeneration affect vision in different ways but are not directly associated with the pressure levels within the eye, making glaucoma the correct choice for this question.