What condition is primarily characterized by damage to the optic nerve due to high pressure?

The condition characterized by damage to the optic nerve due to high intraocular pressure is glaucoma. This condition involves a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells, which can lead to visual field loss and, if untreated, can result in permanent blindness. The increased pressure within the eye often occurs when the drainage system for the aqueous humor becomes blocked or does not function properly, thus leading to an accumulation of fluid.

In glaucoma, monitoring intraocular pressure is crucial, as elevated levels can indicate the risk of damage to the optic nerve. Patients may often be asymptomatic in the early stages, which makes regular eye examinations important for early detection and management. Treatments typically include medications, laser treatment, or surgical options to reduce intraocular pressure and prevent further optic nerve damage.

This understanding of glaucoma highlights why it stands out among the listed conditions, as other options like cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration do not primarily involve optic nerve damage due to pressure but rather relate to different pathological processes affecting vision.